Tuesday, October 14, 2008

THROUGH THE WILDERNESS: INTRODUCTION


The LORD went in front of them in a pillar of cloud by day, to lead them along the way, and in a pillar of fire by night, to give them light, so that they might travel by day and by night. Neither the pillar of cloud by day nor the pillar of fire by night left its place in front of the people. Exodus13:21-22

For many people, modern society has become much like the wilderness through which the Hebrews traveled during their Exodus journey from Egypt to the Promised Land of Israel. Wilderness in this ancient context referred to a disorderly and dangerous place where demons existed beyond the limits of human settlement and government control. Similarly, the original English meaning of wilderness was a terrifying wasteland where travelers became confused and disoriented. The Hebrews stayed on the correct path by following God-directed pillars of smoke and fire.

The competing interests, differing claims on our religious and political affiliations, and rapid technological advances of our present society often bewilder and perplex us. Our modern wilderness journeys require that we follow valid directional signs, our own symbolic pillars of cloud and fire. We must go forward with the same clear headedness, courage, and trust as the Hebrews, once they understood what God expected of them. In this way, we can exhibit a remarkable Judeo-Christian characteristic: We are at our best when times are at their worst.

I define myself as a Judeo-Christian on the basis of the following profession: (a) God, first known as Yahweh to the ancient Hebrews, created and rules all that exists, seen and unseen; (b) Jesus Christ, Son of God, lived and died sacrificially because of his great love for God and for us, a love through which the forgiveness of our sins is mediated; and (c) The Holy Spirit, the active presence of God in our lives, transmits all truth from God to humans.

I cannot logically profess Jesus Christ as Son of God without a prior belief in God as creator and sovereign of the cosmos, a statement of faith that established the foundation of Judaism. This declaration about the identity and function of God, therefore, makes me a theological Jew and, by extension, a Judeo-Christian (1) in order to acknowledge, honor, and respect the fertile religious ground out of which Christianity grew.

A constant feature of human existence from our beginning relates to the persistence of the questions we have asked coupled with the transitory nature of the answers we have developed. Each generation must work out appropriate and sometimes different answers to the same questions. We should always ask questions and always question answers: God not only tolerates our questions but also expects us to find answers to them so that we may follow pillars of cloud and smoke specific for our generation.

This search for life-affirming and sometimes life-changing answers within our own times resembles climbing a rope. To go up, climbers must hold onto the rope with one hand and both feet while letting go with the other hand as it reaches upward. When climbers pull themselves up with their higher hands, they must momentarily release their other hands and feet from the rope. Maximum danger of falling exists at this moment. Security cannot be reestablished until both hands and both feet again grasp and wrap around the rope. Then, of course, the process must be repeated, if we are to reach the goal. Searching for answers to primary questions means we must hold securely to relevant knowledge from the past while letting go of what does not benefit us in our generation.

Through The Wilderness attempts to provide insights into obtaining answers to fundamental questions dividing and causing animosity within the Community of Believers in Jesus Christ. This division comes about because we frequently frame our questions improperly: The nature of the questions we ask determines the answers we receive. For instance, asking Is abortion equivalent to murder or simply the legitimate outcome of a woman’s reproductive freedom? does not yield pragmatically helpful answers. Focusing exclusively on Who created all that exists, seen and unseen? precludes any profound exploration and understanding of how creation came to be, that is, the mechanism by which God created and maintains the cosmos in all its parts.

Judeo-Christians who are neither professional theologians nor trained scientists, but who have open minds about theology and science, make up the target audience for Through The Wilderness. I hope some theologians and scientists will find this book interesting and useful; however, I have purposefully tried to minimize the “jargon” associated with these disciplines. This book presupposes at least a familiarity with the principles of the Judeo-Christian faith and the concepts embedded within the Community of Believers. Accordingly, I do not flatter myself by assuming any non-Judeo-Christians readers will be converted to the faith.

Through The Wilderness should not be viewed as scholarly work. The text is not extensively footnoted with references to the work of other authors, although the Bibliography contains a list of books I have found helpful in my faith journey. Additionally, any reader wishing more information to support what I have written or who desires to discuss the thoughts expressed in Through The Wilderness may contact me through this blog or at mfrosolono@austin.rr.com

(1) Actually, I would prefer Hebrew-Christian rather than Judeo-Christian but Judeo- occupies a prominent place in our language. I am aware that some commentators attempt to distinguish among Hebrew, Israelite, and Jew, and even believe Jew resulted from an erroneous translation of early New Testament documents. For the purposes of simplicity, I have used Hebrew(s) and Jew(s) essentially interchangeably because the terms probably convey basically the same meaning to most people expected to read this book. Israelite, derived from the descendents of Abraham through the progeny of Israel (Jacob), can be included under both Hebrew and Jew. Israeli applies to a citizen of the State of Israel.

THROUGH THE WILDERNESS: CHAPTER 1

HOLY SCRIPTURE: INSPIRED AND ALWAYS FACTUAL?

The grass withers, the flower fades; but the word of our God will stand forever. Isaiah 40:8 (NRSV)

Can Holy Scripture be inspired through the Holy Spirit without depicting reality in every respect, including all branches of physical, biological, and social sciences? For instance, what significance should we attribute to the Genesis accounts of creation when cosmological, evolutionary, and geological data argue for a much longer and more detailed picture of how the universe and life originated under God’s direction? The answer to this question of inspiration linked to scientific discoveries and theories (1) determines in large part how we view and apply Holy Scripture within our technologically based society.

Biblical Inerrancy means that Holy Scripture delivers God’s true, infallible, trustworthy, and authoritative revelation to humans. Because our perfect God cannot make mistakes or lie, the revelation of the Holy Spirit, even if filtered through human limitations, can only produce Biblical Inerrancy. Accordingly, Holy Scripture must exist totally without error.

Hebrew (Old Testament) and Christian (New Testament) Scriptures support inerrancy in the hearts and minds of some sincere Judeo-Christians. Interpretation these passages, however, depends upon the translation of Holy Scripture used and the focus of the reference text. Psalm 12:6 from the King James Version (KJV) is often quoted to prove inerrancy: The words of the LORD are pure words: As silver tried in a furnace of earth, purified seven times. On the other hand, the more modern New Revised Standard Version (NRSV) gives: The promises of the LORD are promises that are pure, silver refined in a furnace on the ground, purified seven times. To my mind, promises has more relevance than words considering that Holy Scripture, which I affirm as God’s revelation, originally was written to a people who lived in a pre-scientific age.

Many people who cling to inerrancy postulate that 2 Timothy 3:16-17 confirms a literal reading of Holy Scripture: All scripture is inspired by God and is useful for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for training in righteousness, that everyone who belongs to God may be proficient, equipped for every good work (NRSV). If science directed to exploring God’s creation and the betterment of humanity is a good work, the context of inspired in 2 Timothy 3:16-17 does not demand factual accuracy in areas encompassed by modern science. Certainly, for Christians, no area of human endeavor, including modern science, lies outside the authority and teachings of Holy Scripture. Biblical Inerrancy falters and confuses the situation and our understanding with attempts to make Holy Scripture a scientific textbook by using arguments inimical to science. (2)

Interpreting supposed claims in Holy Scripture for its own inerrancy opposes what we learned in grammar school: We aren’t allowed to use a word in the definition of that word. For example, defining the color red by saying it is red or gravity is gravity makes no sense. Similarly, a statement that Holy Scripture has no errors whatsoever because Holy Scripture declares itself inerrant cannot stand the test of our God-given reason.

Proponents of Biblical Inerrancy require themselves and others to accept on faith that all humanly perceived discrepancies in Holy Scripture ultimately will be clarified through the work of the Holy Spirit. In the interim, therefore, we should not waste our time discussing any ambiguities within Holy Scripture. This fallacy falls directly into the category of blind or unenlightened and uninformed faith. I believe in the transcendence of the Holy Spirit but, if we follow Biblical Inerrancy to its logical conclusion, “unholy” lines of investigation would be forbidden with the risk of depriving ourselves of the benefits that modern sciences, like medicine, have brought to us. But, we must face the fact that proclaiming Holy Scripture always inerrant gives great security to people whose limited knowledge leads them to fear scientific advances, especially in evolutionary science.

A second attraction of Biblical Inerrancy can be termed the checklist or proof-text approach. The idea behind this tactic involves searching for various scriptural citations that purportedly address any human situation, as exemplified by murder. In the NRSV, the Sixth Commandment states: You shall not murder. The purpose of this admonition appears unequivocal; hence, Judeo-Christians can check the No box beside Murder in a theological application list and refrain from this heinous act. Further consideration suggests that checking the No box leaves open the possibility of killing other humans under some circumstances. Prime examples would be the use of lethal force in self-defense and just wars, endeavors that are killing but not murder.

The KJV renders the Sixth Commandment as Thou shalt not kill. This rendition starkly prohibits the use of deadly force even in self-defense and we see that the checklist/proof text application of Holy Scripture comes with embedded inconsistencies. Once again we must apply our mental processes to ascertain what a text really says and how it should be applied.

The third allure of Biblical Inerrancy lies in an irrational fear that may be called the Perry Mason Effect. In this old television series, Perry Mason represented defendants in criminal cases. Each episode, no matter how dire the predicament for the defendants, always resolved in their favor when Perry detected a fatal flaw in the District Attorney’s cases. Once these flaws were revealed, the prosecution’s cases collapsed like the proverbial house of cards and the defendants were exonerated. Biblical Inerrancists seem to have the attitude that, if even one aspect of Holy Scripture were shown not to have happened exactly as described, the entirety of Judeo-Christianity would fall apart, even bringing into question the existence of God.

Unquestioning belief in Biblical Inerrancy repudiates one of St. Augustine’s most liberating ideas: Judeo-Christians who believe Holy Scripture contradicts what they observe with their own eyes do not understand what Holy Scripture actually says. Keeping in mind St. Augustine’s pronouncement, Judeo-Christians attuned to our scientific and technical age can effectively deal with Biblical Inerrancy by asking and answering the following two-part question:

(a) Did the event happen as recorded in Holy Scripture?

(b) Is the event true as recorded in Holy Scripture?

Valid two-part answers are:

(a) Yes (b) Yes

and

(a) No (b) Yes

Admittedly, some Judeo-Christians who resonate with Biblical Inerrancy have no problem with (a) yes and (b) yes but experience great difficulty getting their minds around (a) no and (b) yes despite overwhelming non-Biblical but realistic evidence for the latter sequence being applicable to some portions of Holy Scripture. The Genesis Creation stories offer an illustrative example for (a) no and (b) yes. Vast amounts of non-Biblical evidence oppose creation of the cosmos and life as described in Genesis; hence, (a) no seems correct. While the mechanism God used to create and maintain creation should be interesting to Judeo-Christians, the overwhelming and fundamental question about creation can be posed as, Did God create all that exists, seen and unseen, regardless of the mechanism used? We must answer with a resounding Yes; hence, sequence (a) no and (b) yes holds without any denegation of the inspired nature of Holy Scripture.

The current mistaken, profoundly divisive, and counterproductive controversies surrounding creationism versus evolution, policies to impose Judeo-Christian morality through the legal system, and how we are to deal with homosexuality furnish prime examples necessitating the utmost of our intellect, experience, and expanded rather than narrow faith, that is, our wisdom. Accepting the validity of (a) no and (b) yes will facilitate our work in spreading the gospel message so that at the name of Jesus every knee should bend, in heaven and on earth and under the earth, and every tongue should confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father. (3)

(1) As will be discussed in Chapter X, rigorously obtained data lead to testable hypotheses, then to scientific theories, and subsequently to scientific laws. Scientific theories, therefore, differ dramatically from non-scientific theories based upon suppositions and inferences without supporting data. The regrettable controversy that rages between Christian proponents of the elegant theory of evolution and Christian believers in the ill-defined creation science or creationism illustrates the confusion surrounding scientific and non-scientific theories.

(2) As explained in Chapter N, Holy Scripture and science should be regarded as complementary, not antagonistic, components of God’s realm.

(3) Philippians 2:10-11 (NRSV)